![]() ![]() Mills developed structured programming concepts for practical use and tested them in a 1969 project to automate the New York Times morgue index. Top-down design was promoted in the 1970s by IBM researchers Harlan Mills and Niklaus Wirth. Re-usability of code is one of the main benefits of the bottom-up approach. This approach, however, runs the risk that modules may be coded without having a clear idea of how they link to other parts of the system, and that such linking may not be as easy as first thought. This, however, delays testing of the ultimate functional units of a system until significant design is complete.īottom-up emphasizes coding and early testing, which can begin as soon as the first module has been specified. Top-down approaches are implemented by attaching the stubs in place of the module. ![]() ![]() It is inherent that no coding can begin until a sufficient level of detail has been reached in the design of at least some part of the system. Top-down approaches emphasize planning and a complete understanding of the system. In the software development process, the top-down and bottom-up approaches play a key role.
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